Formula
Battery energy = capacity × (target SOC − start SOC). Effective power = min(charger power, vehicle limit). Base time = battery energy ÷ (effective power × efficiency). Estimated time = base time × (1 + taper adjustment).
What the result means
Use the duration to plan dwell time, driver schedules, or charger turnover. The power bottleneck identifies whether the vehicle or charger sets the ceiling.
This is an average-power estimate. Charge curves, temperature, battery conditioning, shared cabinets, and site load management can change actual duration.