Formula
Annual cost = annual volume ÷ 1,000 × variable cost + fixed O&M + replacement reserve
The planning-period total multiplies annual cost by years without discounting or escalation.
What the result means
The main result is estimated annual treatment expenditure at the entered utilization. The effective unit cost spreads both variable and annual fixed costs over treated volume.
Exclude capital purchase price unless it is represented by the replacement reserve. Confirm treatment train, monitoring, labor, residuals disposal, energy, and local requirements separately.