Formula
Routine supplies = (monthly food + monthly substrate) × 12. Electricity = watts ÷ 1,000 × hours/day × 365 × rate. Annual total = supplies + electricity + annual care reserve + equipment ÷ planning life.
What the result means
The main result is the annualized ownership cost under the entered assumptions. It includes a yearly share of equipment even though that expense is commonly paid upfront.
Heating equipment may cycle rather than draw rated power continuously. Measure average consumption where possible, and keep emergency veterinary funds distinct if the entered reserve covers only routine care.