Formula
Usable energy = capacity × (1 − reserve) × system efficiency. Runtime = usable Wh ÷ average W. Moving time = runtime × moving share. Distance = moving time × average speed. Recharge time = usable Wh ÷ (charger W × charge efficiency).
What the result means
Runtime represents operation from full charge to the selected reserve under a constant average duty-cycle load. Distance is a route-planning estimate, not guaranteed geographic range.
Weather, gradients, stops, payload, wireless equipment, heating or cooling, and battery aging can materially change power use.